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        <article role="main" id="furo-main-content">
          <section id="clusters">
<span id="exp-clusters"></span><h1>Clusters<a class="headerlink" href="#clusters" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>

            <p class="youtube_link">
              <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nrOR6yaO_MY" target="_blank">
                <span title="Deep dive into LXD clustering" class="play_icon">▶</span>
                <span title="Deep dive into LXD clustering">Watch on YouTube</span>
              </a>
            </p>
        <p>To spread the total workload over several servers, LXD can be run in clustering mode.
In this scenario, any number of LXD servers share the same distributed database that holds the configuration for the cluster members and their instances.
The LXD cluster can be managed uniformly using the <a class="reference internal" href="../../reference/manpages/lxc/#lxc-md"><span class="std std-ref"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxc</span></code></span></a> client or the REST API.</p>
<p>This feature was introduced as part of the <a class="reference internal" href="../../api-extensions/#clustering"><span class="std std-ref"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">clustering</span></code></span></a> API extension and is available since LXD 3.0.</p>
<div class="admonition tip">
<p class="admonition-title">Tip</p>
<p>If you want to quickly set up a basic LXD cluster, check out <a class="reference external" href="https://canonical.com/microcloud">MicroCloud</a>.</p>
</div>
<section id="cluster-members">
<span id="clustering-members"></span><h2>Cluster members<a class="headerlink" href="#cluster-members" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>A LXD cluster consists of one bootstrap server and at least two further cluster members.
It stores its state in a <a class="reference internal" href="../../database/"><span class="std std-doc">distributed database</span></a>, which is a <a class="reference external" href="https://canonical.com/dqlite">Dqlite</a> database replicated using the Raft algorithm.</p>
<p>While you could create a cluster with only two members, it is strongly recommended that the number of cluster members be at least three.
With this setup, the cluster can survive the loss of at least one member and still be able to establish quorum for its distributed state.</p>
<p>When you create the cluster, the Dqlite database runs on only the bootstrap server until a third member joins the cluster.
Then both the second and the third server receive a replica of the database.</p>
<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="../../howto/cluster_form/#cluster-form"><span class="std std-ref">How to form a cluster</span></a> for more information.</p>
<section id="member-roles">
<span id="clustering-member-roles"></span><h3>Member roles<a class="headerlink" href="#member-roles" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>In a cluster with three members, all members replicate the distributed database that stores the state of the cluster.
If the cluster has more members, only some of them replicate the database.
The remaining members have access to the database, but don’t replicate it.</p>
<p>At each time, there is an elected cluster leader that monitors the health of the other members.</p>
<p>Each member that replicates the database has either the role of a <em>voter</em> or of a <em>stand-by</em>.
If the cluster leader goes offline, one of the voters is elected as the new leader.
If a voter member goes offline, a stand-by member is automatically promoted to voter.
The database (and hence the cluster) remains available as long as a majority of voters is online.</p>
<p>The following roles can be assigned to LXD cluster members.
Automatic roles are assigned by LXD itself and cannot be modified by the user.</p>
<div class="table-wrapper colwidths-auto docutils container">
<table class="docutils align-default">
<thead>
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head text-left"><p>Role</p></th>
<th class="head text-left"><p>Automatic</p></th>
<th class="head text-left"><p>Description</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="row-even"><td class="text-left"><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">database-voter</span></code></p></td>
<td class="text-left"><p>yes</p></td>
<td class="text-left"><p>Voting member of the distributed database</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td class="text-left"><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">database-leader</span></code></p></td>
<td class="text-left"><p>yes</p></td>
<td class="text-left"><p>Current leader of the distributed database</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td class="text-left"><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">database-standby</span></code></p></td>
<td class="text-left"><p>yes</p></td>
<td class="text-left"><p>Stand-by (non-voting) member of the distributed database</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td class="text-left"><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">control-plane</span></code></p></td>
<td class="text-left"><p>no</p></td>
<td class="text-left"><p>Eligible to participate in Raft as voter, standby, or leader; when control plane mode is active, members without this role are assigned as spares and excluded from automatic promotion</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td class="text-left"><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ovn-chassis</span></code></p></td>
<td class="text-left"><p>no</p></td>
<td class="text-left"><p>Uplink gateway candidate for OVN networks</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p>The default number of voter members (<a class="configref reference internal" href="../../server/#server-cluster:cluster.max_voters"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cluster.max_voters</span></code></a>) is three.
The default number of stand-by members (<a class="configref reference internal" href="../../server/#server-cluster:cluster.max_standby"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cluster.max_standby</span></code></a>) is two.
With this configuration, your cluster will remain operational as long as you switch off at most one voting member at a time.</p>
<section id="control-plane-mode">
<span id="clustering-control-plane"></span><h4>Control plane mode<a class="headerlink" href="#control-plane-mode" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h4>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">control-plane</span></code> role is optional and is not assigned by default.</p>
<p>It designates which members are eligible for database roles (voter, standby, leader), enabling safe auto-scaling with fixed database members and dynamic worker members.</p>
<p>Control plane mode activates when at least 3 members have the role assigned.
Once active, only members with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">control-plane</span></code> role can participate in Raft and be assigned as voters, standbys, or the leader.
Members without the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">control-plane</span></code> role are automatically assigned the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RAFT_SPARE</span></code> role and are excluded from automatic promotion to database roles.
Spare members can still run instances and act as “worker” members for hosting workloads.</p>
<p>You can assign the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">control-plane</span></code> role to more members than <a class="configref reference internal" href="../../server/#server-cluster:cluster.max_voters"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cluster.max_voters</span></code></a> to create a pool of eligible candidates.</p>
<p>For example, if you assign <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">control-plane</span></code> to 5 members when <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cluster.max_voters</span></code> is 3, all 5 members are eligible for database roles, but only 3 will be promoted to voters based on the configuration.</p>
<p>If no cluster members have the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">control-plane</span></code> role assigned (the default), or if fewer than 3 members have the role, all members are eligible for automatic promotion to database roles.</p>
<p>When control plane mode is active, members with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">control-plane</span></code> role also act as event hubs for internal LXD events.
If control plane mode is inactive, the cluster uses full-mesh event connectivity.</p>
<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="../../howto/cluster_manage/#cluster-manage-control-plane"><span class="std std-ref">Use control plane mode</span></a> for instructions on using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">control-plane</span></code> role.</p>
</section>
<section id="offline-members-and-fault-tolerance">
<span id="clustering-offline-members"></span><h4>Offline members and fault tolerance<a class="headerlink" href="#offline-members-and-fault-tolerance" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h4>
<p>If a cluster member is down for more than the configured offline threshold, its status is marked as offline.
In this case, no operations are possible on this member, and neither are operations that require a state change across all members.</p>
<p>As soon as the offline member comes back online, operations are available again.</p>
<p>If the member that goes offline is the leader itself, the other members will elect a new leader.</p>
<p>If you can’t or don’t want to bring the server back online, you can <a class="reference internal" href="../../howto/cluster_manage/#cluster-manage-delete-members"><span class="std std-ref">delete it from the cluster</span></a>.</p>
<p>You can tweak the amount of seconds after which a non-responding member is considered offline by setting the <a class="configref reference internal" href="../../server/#server-cluster:cluster.offline_threshold"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cluster.offline_threshold</span></code></a> configuration.
The default value is 20 seconds.
The minimum value is 10 seconds.</p>
<p>To automatically <a class="reference internal" href="../../howto/cluster_manage/#cluster-evacuate"><span class="std std-ref">evacuate</span></a> instances from an offline member, set the <a class="configref reference internal" href="../../server/#server-cluster:cluster.healing_threshold"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cluster.healing_threshold</span></code></a> configuration to a non-zero value.</p>
<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="../../howto/cluster_recover/#cluster-recover"><span class="std std-ref">How to recover a cluster</span></a> for more information.</p>
</section>
<section id="failure-domains">
<span id="clustering-failure-domains"></span><h4>Failure domains<a class="headerlink" href="#failure-domains" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h4>
<p>You can use failure domains to indicate which cluster members should be given preference when assigning roles to a cluster member that has gone offline.
For example, if a cluster member that currently has the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">database-voter</span></code> role is shut down and control plane mode is active, LXD tries to promote another <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">control-plane</span></code> cluster member in the same failure domain to voter, if one is available. If no members have the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">control-plane</span></code> role assigned (the default), any suitable member in the same failure domain can be promoted instead.</p>
<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="../../howto/cluster_manage/#cluster-manage-failure-domains"><span class="std std-ref">Manage failure domains</span></a> for more information.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="member-configuration">
<span id="clustering-member-config"></span><h3>Member configuration<a class="headerlink" href="#member-configuration" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>LXD cluster members are generally assumed to be identical systems.
This means that all LXD servers joining a cluster must have an identical configuration to the bootstrap server, in terms of storage pools and networks.</p>
<p>To accommodate things like slightly different disk ordering or network interface naming, there is an exception for some configuration options related to storage and networks, which are member-specific.</p>
<p>When such settings are present in a cluster, any server that is being added must provide a value for them.
Most often, this is done through the interactive <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxd</span> <span class="pre">init</span></code> command, which asks the user for the value for a number of configuration keys related to storage or networks.</p>
<p>Those settings typically include:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>The source device and size (quota) for a storage pool</p></li>
<li><p>The name for a ZFS zpool, LVM thin pool or LVM volume group</p></li>
<li><p>External interfaces and BGP next-hop for a bridged network</p></li>
<li><p>The name of the parent network device for managed <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">physical</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">macvlan</span></code> networks</p></li>
</ul>
<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="../../howto/cluster_config_storage/#howto-cluster-storage"><span class="std std-ref">How to configure storage for a cluster</span></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../../howto/cluster_config_networks/#cluster-config-networks"><span class="std std-ref">How to configure networks for a cluster</span></a> for more information.</p>
<p>If you want to look up the questions ahead of time (which can be useful for scripting), query the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/1.0/cluster</span></code> API endpoint.
This can be done through <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxc</span> <span class="pre">query</span> <span class="pre">/1.0/cluster</span></code> or through other API clients.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="images">
<h2>Images<a class="headerlink" href="#images" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>By default, LXD replicates images on as many cluster members as there are database members.
This typically means up to three copies within the cluster.</p>
<p>You can increase that number to improve fault tolerance and the likelihood of the image being locally available.
To do so, set the <a class="configref reference internal" href="../../server/#server-cluster:cluster.images_minimal_replica"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cluster.images_minimal_replica</span></code></a> configuration.
The special value of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> can be used to have the image copied to all cluster members.</p>
</section>
<section id="cluster-groups">
<span id="id1"></span><h2>Cluster groups<a class="headerlink" href="#cluster-groups" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>In a LXD cluster, you can add members to cluster groups.
You can use these cluster groups to launch instances on a cluster member that belongs to a subset of all available members.
For example, you could create a cluster group for all members that have a GPU and then launch all instances that require a GPU on this cluster group.</p>
<p>By default, all cluster members belong to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">default</span></code> group.</p>
<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="../../howto/cluster_groups/#howto-cluster-groups"><span class="std std-ref">How to set up cluster groups</span></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../../howto/cluster_manage_instance/#cluster-target-instance"><span class="std std-ref">Launch an instance on a specific cluster member</span></a> for more information.</p>
</section>
<section id="cluster-links">
<span id="exp-cluster-links"></span><h2>Cluster links<a class="headerlink" href="#cluster-links" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>Cluster links enable authenticated communication between separate LXD clusters by establishing a bidirectional trust relationship using mutual TLS certificates.</p>
<section id="how-cluster-links-work">
<h3>How cluster links work<a class="headerlink" href="#how-cluster-links-work" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li><p><strong>Trust establishment</strong>: Each cluster presents its certificate to the other, establishing mutual trust.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>Identity creation</strong>: LXD automatically creates a special identity for each linked cluster with type <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Cluster</span> <span class="pre">link</span> <span class="pre">certificate</span></code>.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>Permission control</strong>: The linked cluster’s permissions are managed through LXD’s <a class="reference internal" href="../authorization/#fine-grained-authorization"><span class="std std-ref">Fine-grained authorization</span></a> system.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>Secure communication</strong>: All communication between clusters uses TLS encryption with certificate verification.</p></li>
</ol>
<section id="connection-process">
<h4>Connection process<a class="headerlink" href="#connection-process" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h4>
<p>Both clusters coordinate to create a link.</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li><p><strong>Cluster A</strong> creates a pending cluster link and generates a trust token.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>Cluster B</strong> uses this token to establish the connection and send its certificate back.</p></li>
<li><p>Both clusters validate certificates and activate the bidirectional link.</p></li>
<li><p>The link becomes active and both clusters can communicate.</p></li>
</ol>
<p>For more information, see: <a class="reference internal" href="../../howto/cluster_links_create/#howto-cluster-links-create"><span class="std std-ref">How to create cluster links</span></a>.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="exp-clusters-links-identity">
<span id="identity-management-for-cluster-links"></span><h3>Identity management for cluster links<a class="headerlink" href="#exp-clusters-links-identity" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>When you create a cluster link, LXD automatically creates an identity for the linked cluster. This identity is of type <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Cluster</span> <span class="pre">link</span> <span class="pre">certificate</span></code> and is used to authenticate that cluster. These identities are managed using <a class="reference internal" href="../authorization/#fine-grained-authorization"><span class="std std-ref">Fine-grained authorization</span></a>.</p>
<p>The identity can be in one of two states:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>Pending</strong>: When a trust token is generated but the link hasn’t been activated yet.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>Active</strong>: When both clusters have exchanged certificates and the link is operational.</p></li>
</ul>
<section id="security-considerations">
<h4>Security considerations<a class="headerlink" href="#security-considerations" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h4>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>Certificate validation</strong>: All connections verify certificate fingerprints.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>Fine-grained permissions</strong>: Linked clusters can be granted specific entitlements (for example, only backup operations).</p></li>
<li><p><strong>Identity isolation</strong>: Each cluster link gets its own identity that can be managed independently.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>Group membership</strong>: Cluster link identities can be assigned to authentication groups for bulk permission management.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>Together, these controls limit the blast radius of a compromised link by enforcing mutual authentication and least-privilege access. They also make it possible to revoke a single link’s access without impacting other cluster-to-cluster trust relationships.</p>
</section>
<section id="cluster-link-member-status">
<h4>Cluster link member status<a class="headerlink" href="#cluster-link-member-status" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h4>
<p>A cluster link member can have one of the following statuses. You can see member status with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxc</span> <span class="pre">cluster</span> <span class="pre">link</span> <span class="pre">info</span></code> (while <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxc</span> <span class="pre">cluster</span> <span class="pre">link</span> <span class="pre">list</span></code> shows the link identity status and link type); see <a class="reference internal" href="../../howto/cluster_links_manage/#howto-cluster-links-view"><span class="std std-ref">View cluster links</span></a>.</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ACTIVE</span></code>: Reachable and authenticated. The link is usable for requests according to the <a class="reference internal" href="../authorization/#fine-grained-authorization"><span class="std std-ref">entitlements</span></a> you granted.</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UNAUTHENTICATED</span></code>: Reachable but not authenticated. The remote cluster cannot use the link yet; resolve the trust exchange before relying on it.</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UNREACHABLE</span></code>: Not reachable. Requests that depend on the link will fail until connectivity is restored or the remote cluster is online.</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<section id="automatic-placement-of-instances">
<span id="clustering-instance-placement"></span><h2>Automatic placement of instances<a class="headerlink" href="#automatic-placement-of-instances" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>In a cluster setup, each instance lives on one of the cluster members.
When you launch an instance, you can target it to a specific cluster member, to a cluster group or have LXD automatically assign it to a cluster member.</p>
<p>By default, the automatic assignment picks the cluster member that has the lowest number of instances.
If several members have the same amount of instances, one of the members is chosen at random.</p>
<p>However, you can control this behavior with the <a class="configref reference internal" href="../../reference/cluster_member_config/#cluster-cluster:scheduler.instance"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">scheduler.instance</span></code></a> configuration option:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">scheduler.instance</span></code> is set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">all</span></code> for a cluster member, this cluster member is selected for an instance if:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>The instance is created without <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--target</span></code> and the cluster member has the lowest number of instances.</p></li>
<li><p>The instance is targeted to live on this cluster member.</p></li>
<li><p>The instance is targeted to live on a member of a cluster group that the cluster member is a part of, and the cluster member has the lowest number of instances compared to the other members of the cluster group.</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">scheduler.instance</span></code> is set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">manual</span></code> for a cluster member, this cluster member is selected for an instance if:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>The instance is targeted to live on this cluster member.</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">scheduler.instance</span></code> is set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">group</span></code> for a cluster member, this cluster member is selected for an instance if:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>The instance is targeted to live on this cluster member.</p></li>
<li><p>The instance is targeted to live on a member of a cluster group that the cluster member is a part of, and the cluster member has the lowest number of instances compared to the other members of the cluster group.</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<section id="placement-groups">
<span id="exp-clusters-placement"></span><h3>Placement groups<a class="headerlink" href="#placement-groups" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>Placement groups provide declarative control over how instances are distributed across cluster members.
They define both a <strong>policy</strong> (how instances should be distributed) and a <strong>rigor</strong> (how strictly the policy is enforced).</p>
<p>Placement groups are project-scoped resources, which means different projects can have placement groups with the same name without conflict.</p>
<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="../../howto/cluster_placement_groups/#cluster-placement-groups"><span class="std std-ref">How to use placement groups</span></a> for usage instructions and <a class="reference internal" href="../../reference/placement_groups/#ref-placement-groups"><span class="std std-ref">Placement group configuration</span></a> for reference documentation.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="high-availability">
<span id="clusters-high-availability"></span><h2>High availability<a class="headerlink" href="#high-availability" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>Clusters provide two types of high availability (HA):</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>Control plane HA (ensuring that clients can always access the cluster)</p></li>
<li><p>Data plane HA (ensuring that workloads continue to run)</p></li>
</ul>
<section id="high-availability-of-the-control-plane-client-access">
<span id="clusters-high-availability-control"></span><h3>High availability of the control plane (client access)<a class="headerlink" href="#high-availability-of-the-control-plane-client-access" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>Each cluster member can <a class="reference internal" href="../../howto/server_expose/#server-expose"><span class="std std-ref">expose an API endpoint</span></a> through its <a class="configref reference internal" href="../../server/#server-core:core.https_address"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">core.https_address</span></code></a>. Through this access point, a remote client can communicate with any cluster member in multiple ways:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>Through the API (see <a class="reference internal" href="../../authentication/#authentication"><span class="std std-ref">Remote API authentication</span></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../../rest-api/#rest-api"><span class="std std-ref">REST API</span></a>)</p></li>
<li><p>Through the <a class="reference internal" href="../../howto/access_ui/#access-ui"><span class="std std-ref">LXD web UI client</span></a></p></li>
<li><p>By setting up <a class="reference internal" href="../../remotes/#remotes"><span class="std std-ref">remote servers</span></a> for CLI access</p></li>
</ul>
<p>Because the cluster database is distributed, access to any member gives you access to the entire control plane. If one server goes down, you can still manage the cluster through the other members. This provides the basis for control plane HA.</p>
<p>The limitation is that on the client side, you must either manually switch to another member’s access point if your chosen server is unavailable, or implement your own client-side logic to cycle through a list of access points.</p>
<p>For a single, highly available access point to the control plane, you can add on a routing service that configures a virtual IP. See our how-to guide: <a class="reference internal" href="../../howto/cluster_vip/#howto-cluster-vip"><span class="std std-ref">How to set up a highly available virtual IP for clusters</span></a>.</p>
</section>
<section id="high-availability-of-the-data-plane-workloads">
<span id="clusters-high-availability-data"></span><h3>High availability of the data plane (workloads)<a class="headerlink" href="#high-availability-of-the-data-plane-workloads" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>LXD clusters enable HA of workloads (instances) in multiple ways:</p>
<dl class="simple myst">
<dt>Cluster evacuation</dt><dd><p>Instances can be manually evacuated from one cluster member to another, providing planned high availability during maintenance. This includes live migration for virtual machines. See: <a class="reference internal" href="../../howto/cluster_manage/#cluster-evacuate"><span class="std std-ref">Evacuate a cluster member</span></a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt>Cluster healing</dt><dd><p>If a cluster member fails and <a class="configref reference internal" href="../../server/#server-cluster:cluster.healing_threshold"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cluster.healing_threshold</span></code></a> is set, it automatically restarts instances on that member on a healthy member of the cluster. See: <a class="reference internal" href="../../howto/cluster_manage/#cluster-healing"><span class="std std-ref">Cluster healing</span></a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt>Virtual networking</dt><dd><p>On clusters using <a class="reference internal" href="../../reference/network_ovn/#network-ovn"><span class="std std-ref">OVN networking</span></a>, logical switches/routers are distributed across the cluster. This means that instance NICs remain reachable even if the server hosting one OVN chassis goes offline.</p>
</dd>
<dt>Storage redundancy</dt><dd><p>On clusters using Ceph for storage, if a disk or cluster member fails, the data is still available elsewhere in the Ceph cluster.</p>
</dd>
<dt>Shared storage</dt><dd><p>Volumes using the <a class="reference internal" href="../../reference/storage_ceph/#storage-ceph"><span class="std std-ref">Ceph RBD</span></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../../reference/storage_cephfs/#storage-cephfs"><span class="std std-ref">CephFS</span></a> storage drivers are accessible from all cluster members. If the member hosting an instance fails, its volumes can be reattached to another member.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>
<section id="related-topics">
<h2>Related topics<a class="headerlink" href="#related-topics" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>How-to guides:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="../../clustering/#clustering"><span class="std std-ref">Clustering</span></a></p></li>
</ul>
<p>Reference:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="../../reference/clusters/#ref-clusters"><span class="std std-ref">Clusters</span></a></p></li>
</ul>
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        <ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Clusters</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#cluster-members">Cluster members</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#member-roles">Member roles</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#control-plane-mode">Control plane mode</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#offline-members-and-fault-tolerance">Offline members and fault tolerance</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#failure-domains">Failure domains</a></li>
</ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#member-configuration">Member configuration</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#images">Images</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#cluster-groups">Cluster groups</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#cluster-links">Cluster links</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-cluster-links-work">How cluster links work</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#connection-process">Connection process</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#exp-clusters-links-identity">Identity management for cluster links</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#security-considerations">Security considerations</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#cluster-link-member-status">Cluster link member status</a></li>
</ul>
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</ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#automatic-placement-of-instances">Automatic placement of instances</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#placement-groups">Placement groups</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#high-availability">High availability</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#high-availability-of-the-control-plane-client-access">High availability of the control plane (client access)</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#high-availability-of-the-data-plane-workloads">High availability of the data plane (workloads)</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#related-topics">Related topics</a></li>
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